Already Did Jury Duty Summoned Again Nyc

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Police Technology in the Usa

Requests for police services are generally transmitted to headquarters past phone and then by radio to officers in the field. Police have long operated on the theory that fast response time results in more arrests and less gamble or injury to victims. The current tendency is toward handling calls by priority, with emergency response reserved for cases involving an injured political party or those in which a reasonable chance exists to prevent a crime or brand an arrest at the scene. Modern computer-assisted dispatching systems let automatic selection of the nearest officeholder in service. In some cities, officers can receive letters displayed on estimator terminals in their cars, without spoken communication from headquarters. An officer, for example, tin can key in the license number of a suspect car and receive an immediate response from the computer as to the condition of the car and the possessor'south identity.

An increasing number of agencies are at present using computers to link offense patterns with certain suspects. Fingerprints plant at crime scenes can be electronically compared with fingerprint files.

In recent years technological advances accept been made in such areas every bit voice identification, utilize of the scanning electron microscope, and blood testing which is an important tool because simply 2 persons in 70,000 have identical claret characteristics. Some of the new laboratory techniques, although highly constructive, are extremely expensive, so their utilise is express to the almost challenging cases.

Job 5. Answer the post-obit questions:

1. 
   What are the current trends in police work in the USA?
   
2. 
   What cases are handled by priority nether the new
   arroyo?
   

3. 
   How do computers assist in police work?
   
4. 
   What technological advances accept been fabricated in law-and-
   social club campaign?
   
5. 
   Why is claret testing an important tool in criminal offence detection?
   

Job 6. Find in the text higher up the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. 
   пострадавшая сторона
   
2. 
   предотвратить преступление
   
3. 
   осуществить арест на месте преступления
   
4. 
   отпечатки пальцев
   
5. 
   быстрое реагирование
   
6. 
   печатать, вводить с клавиатуры
   
7. 
   технический прогресс
   

TASK seven. Return the following text into English paying special attending to the words and expressions given in bold type:

Большое число расследований уголовных преступлений,

ведущихся американскими правоохранительными органами, вынудило ФБР приступить к созданию новой криминалисти­ческой лаборатории. Лаборатория будет оснащена новейшим оборудованием для баллистической, химической, судебно-ме­ дицинской и других видов экспертизы, необходимых для рас­следования различных преступлений.

Лаборатория ФБР, которая находится в Вашингтоне, на протяжении многих лет остается крупнейшей и лучшей в стране. Однако в последнее время она не справляется с огром­ным потоком заданий, поступающих не только от головного ве­ домства, но и из других правоохранительных органов.

Необходимость создания новой лаборатории продиктована также тем, что ФБР все чаще приходится заниматься рассле­ дованием сложнейших дел, связанных с международным тер­ роризмом, организованной преступностью и контрабандой нар­ котиков.

Руководство ФБР планирует создание единой компьютер­ ной базы данных всех правоохранительных органов США, ко­торая будет содержать информацию о преступниках и их со­общниках и вещественных доказательствах, собранных в ходе расследований.

106

Just English. Английский для юристов

It's Interesting to Know Alphonse Bertillion

The trouble of identifying criminals was made much easier by Bertillion, who, in 1882, invented a arrangement called anthropometry. As head of the identification department of the Paris police he had careful measurements made of the caput, limbs and body of every criminal he could lay his hands on, who could then not get away in the futurity by giving a imitation proper name. Photography was also used for the first time. Many hundreds of criminals were caught in the first years of the arrangement's operation, merely it was soon replaced by fingerprinting. To Bertillion, though, must become the credit for creating the science of human identification.

Fence

Cybercop: An Alternative to Policeman?

Carve up into groups — pro and con, and conduct a contend on the necessity of new technologies in police work.

Appoint the ^{Chair' of the debate who will give the flooring to the speakers of both teams.

Use the agile vocabulary from the Unit.

Chapter Iv Fair TRIAL: THE JURY

108

Just English. Английский для юристов

Affiliate IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

109

Unit 1. ORIGINS OF THE JURY

BRAINSTORM

Amortization / Sentencing Apprehension Bringing charges Bringing in a verdict Imprisonment Jury trial Police force custody Questioning

Arrange the legal actions listed to a higher place into a logical chain. What is the place of jury trial in this sequence?

Early Juries

A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to decide facts and to provide a conclusion in a legal proceeding. Such a trunk traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit jury or trial jury.

The exact origin of the jury arrangement is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early menses developed similar methods of trial The jury is probably of Frankish origin, beginning with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory part. Trial past jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.

In medieval Europe, trials were ordinarily decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for example, a priest admonished the h2o not to have a liar. The person whose adjuration was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear.

In 1215, nonetheless, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take office. Every bit a result, a new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged.

At showtime the jury was fabricated up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened only to "say the truth" on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. The give-and-take verdict reflects this early on function; the Latin globe from which information technology is derived, veredictum, means "truly said".

In the fourteen^th century the function of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. Past the 15^th century trial past jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. It was non until centuries later on that the jury assumed its mod role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.

Job 1. Find in the text the words that hateful the following:

• 
  examination of a case before a courtroom of police;
  

• 
  a former method of trial used to decide guilt or innocence
  by subjecting the accused person to serious physical danger,
  the outcome existence regarded as a divine judgment;
  
• 
  a solemn appeal to a court to witness one'due south decision to
  speak the truth;
  

• 
  liberty from sin or moral incorrect;
  

• 
  a conventionalities or practise resulting from ignorance, fear of the
  unknown, trust in magic or chance.
  

Job 2. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What is a jury?
   
2. 
   How were cases resolved before jury system emerged?
   
3. 
   Why was there a need for jury system?
   
4. 
   What was the function of the first juries?
   
5. 
   How did the function of the jury modify through the
   centuries?
   

Job 3. Read the post-obit text and write down the Russian equivalents for the words and expressions given in bold type:

Ordeal

Ordeal is a sentence of the truth of some claim or accusation past various means based on the belief that the outcome will reflect the judgement of supernatural powers and that these powers will

no

Just English. Английский для юристов

Affiliate IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

111

ensure the triumph of right. Although fatal consequences often attend an ordeal, its purpose is non punitive.

The master types of ordeal are ordeals by divination, physical examination, and boxing. A Burmese ordeal by divination involves 2 parties existence furnished with candles of equal size and lit simultaneously; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is adjudged to have won his crusade. Another form of ordeal by divination is the appeal to the corpse for the discovery of its murderer.

The ordeal by physical test, particularly past burn down or water, is the well-nigh common. In Hindu codes a married woman may exist required to pass through burn down to prove her fidelity to a jealous husband; traces of burning would be regarded every bit proof of guilt. The practice of dunking suspected witches was based on the notion that water, as the medium of baptism, would 'accept', or receive, the innocent and 'decline' the guilty. Courtroom officials would tie the woman'southward feet and hands together and then drib her into some deep h2o. If she went straight to the bottom and drowned, it was a certain sign that she wasn't a witch. On the other manus, if she didn't sink and just bobbed effectually for a while, the law said she was to exist condemned every bit a witch.

In ordeal past gainsay, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not past his own strength but because supernatural powers accept intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Centre Ages in which the 'judgement of God' was thought to decide the winner. If still alive after the gainsay, the loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offence or take a mitt cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.

Task four. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What was the purpose of ordeal in early ages?
   
2. 
   What were the main types of ordeals?
   
3. 
   What did ordeal past divination consist of?
   
4. 
   What did ordeal past fire have to prove?
   
5. 
   In what way was ordeal by water devised?
   
6. 
   What concept was at the ground of ordeal by combat?
   

It'due south Interesting' to Know

Instructions for Justices of the Peace in The 16^thursdayand 17^th Century England Relating to Witches

1. 
   Conjuration, or Invocation of whatever evil Spirit, for any intent,
   or to exist counselling, or aiding thereto, is Felony without benefit
   of Clergy.
   
2. 
   To consult, entertain, employ, feed, or reward any evil
   Spirit, to or for whatsoever intent or purpose, is Felony in such offenders,
   their aiders and counsellors.
   
3. 
   To take upwardly whatever expressionless torso, or any office thereof, to be
   employed or used in whatsoever manner of Witchcraft, is Felony in such
   offenders, their aiders and counsellors.
   
4. 
   Too to utilise or practice Witchcrafts, Enchantment, Charm,
   or Sorcery, whereby any person shall be killed, pinned, or lamed
   in whatsoever part of their trunk, or to be counselling or aiding thereto,
   is Felony. By the ancient common law such offenders were to be
   burned.
   

Now against these Witches, (being the virtually roughshod, revengeful, and bloody of all the remainder) the Justices of Peace may not always expect direct evidence, seeing all their works are the works of darkness, and no witnesses present with them to accuse them.

These are the main points to discover and captive these Witches; for they prove fully that those Witches accept fabricated a League with the Devil:

I. These Witches have ordinarily a Spirit, which appeareth
to them; sometimes in one shape, sometimes in another; equally in the
shape of a Man, Woman, Boy, Dog, Cat, Foal, Fowl, Hare, Rat, Toad,
& And to these Spirits they requite names, and they meet together
to christen them (as they speak).

x. The Testimony of other Witches, confessing their own Witchcrafts, and witnessing against the suspected, that they take Spirits or Marks; that they have been at their meetings; that they have told them what harm they have done.

Ii. If the dead torso bleeds upon the Witches touching information technology.

13. 
    The Examination and Confession of the Children (able &
    fit to answer) or Servants of the Witch. Also whether they accept
    seen her phone call upon, speak to, or feed any Spirit, or such like, or
    have heard her foretell of this mishap, or speak of her power to
    hurt, or of her transportation to this or that place.
    
14. 
    Their ain voluntary Confession (which exceeds all other
    evidence), of the hurt they have done, or of the giving of their
    souls to the Devil, and of the Spirits which they have, how many,
    how they call them, and how they came by them.
    

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Merely English. Английский для юристов

Chapter IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

113

Unit 2. JURY DUTY

Chore 1. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

The Fear of Jury Duty

For Americans, serving jury duty has always been a dreaded chore. In that location is plenty of history behind this fear. In colonial days, jurors were locked in a small-scale room with no ventilation and were denied food and water in an try to inspire a quick verdict. If the jurors returned with the wrong decisions, they too were charged with a criminal offense. Equally more and more laws were passed, the rules of evidence expanded and trials became longer, which resulted in more technical and increasingly boring hours for jurors. Trial lawyers have tried to alter the boredom by replacing endless hours of testimony with estimator animation, video reconstructions, color charts and graphics to better explicate the prove.

The judicial organization depends on juries. The United States Constitution guarantees its citizens the right to a trial by jury of their peers. When summoned for jury duty, Americans should expect upon it as an opportunity to serve their country, their community, and their fellow citizens.

Each yr, over five million Americans are summoned for jury duty to render verdicts in approximately 120,000 trials.

Prospective jurors are chosen at random from voter registration lists. When people are chosen for jury duty, they are ofttimes shown a video tape explaining the jury arrangement or given a HANDBOOK ON JURY SERVICE.

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   Why have Americans e'er feared the jury service?
   
2. 
   In what conditions were jurors kept in colonial days? Why?
   
3. 
   How has trial procedure changed through the years?
   

1. 
   Why is the right to a jury trial considered to be so important
   for the U.S. citizens?
   

fhe post-obit text comes from a handbook on jury service for the U.S. citizens.

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Source: https://topuch.ru/just-english-anglijskij-dlya-yuristov-43/index7.html

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